Corporal Punishment The Latin Corpus Meaning Body

Corporal is from the Latin corpus meaning body. Thus, corporal punishment involves physical punishment. In current times, we have usually used the word corporal punishment as it relates to punishment in a school setting often in the form of spankings or paddling a student who is found to have violated some rule. Historically, corporal punishment was used to punish people who were found to have committed various minor crimes. Throughout history there have been many ways devised to inflict pain or other physical harm, including death, on someone who was convicted of or believed to have committed anything from minor crimes to more serious crimes. These punishments include the gallows, stocks, pillories, ducking stools, branks, flogging,†¦show more content†¦The operator then lowered the chair into the water causing the offender to be submerged under the water. The length of time an offender was submerged would depend on the severity of the crime they were accused of. (Alchin) The brank was a cage like device that would enclose the head of the offender. Some branks had protrusions on the inside of the cage that would be put in the wearer’s mouth. This protrusion would cause pain when the wearer tried to speak. The brank was often used as a punishment for gossiping. (Sierra.) Flogging is simply beating someone, usually across the back, with an object. The object could be a stick, strap or other whip. The Whipping Act of 1530 prescribed flogging in England for minor crimes such as stealing or poaching. (Abbott, 2010) Branding is using a hot iron to burn the skin of the offender to cause scarring. Branding was used as a punishment for any number of crimes. Often the brand would be done in the shape of a particular letter that would indicate the crime committed. So a thief might have the letter â€Å"T†, an adulterer the letter â€Å"A†, or blasphemers the letter â€Å"B†. (Seiter, 2014) The gibbet often took the form of a body length cage that an offender was put into. The cage was then hung in public. Sometimes a person was put into the cage alive where they ultimately died due to starvation. Other times the person was killed in another manner and then the body was putShow MoreRelatedWhat is The Problem with the US Correctional Systems1927 Words   |  8 PagesAct of 1851. On February 1872, capital punishment was integrated into the California Penal Code. Explaining the historical development of capital and corporal punishment, including the methods of punishment used over the years and the Latin roots of capita and corpus. There are four primary United States constitutional amendments which safeguard inmates’ rights and how these amendments protect prisoners or inmates. The goals of rehabilitation and punishment, as well as probation and parole, and areasRead MoreCorrectional Administration Reviewer18383 Words   |  74 PagesCORRECTIONAL ADMINISTRATIO N CHIVAS GOCELA DULGUIME, R.C I. INTRODUCTION PENOLOGY - the study of punishment of crime. - a branch of Criminology dealing with prison management, and the deterrence and reformatory treatment of criminals. SOURCES OF THE TERM PENOLOGY: a. Peno was derived from Greek word â€Å"piono† and from the Latin word â€Å"poena†, both terms mean punishment. b. Logy was from the Latin word â€Å"logos†, meaning science. c. Penology distinguish from Penitentiary Science- Penology deals with the various

The Forbidden Game The Chase Chapter 10 Free Essays

string(44) " in time to see his eyes widen â€Å"Here\." In midair she was knocked to the side with stunning force. A brutal blocking tackle. She landed with her face crushed into the sand. We will write a custom essay sample on The Forbidden Game: The Chase Chapter 10 or any similar topic only for you Order Now Not in the hole, on the beach. Chaos was going on above her. On top of her. A whole football team scrimmaging there. Thick snarls, gasping breath, then suddenly a yelp. Sand fountained around her. Then it all stopped. Audrey lay still for a moment longer, then rolled over to look. Tom was half sitting, half crouching in the sand, his dark hair wildly mussed, his face scratched. He was breathing in gasps. In his hand was a Swiss Army knife, the blade not shining but dark. The wolf was gone. So was the hole. â€Å"Is it dead?† Audrey panted. She could hear the hysteria in her own voice. â€Å"No. It went into that crater thing. Then the crater disappeared.† â€Å"Oh,† Audrey said. She looked at him, blinked. â€Å"You know, we’ve got to stop meeting like this.† Then she collapsed back on the sand. â€Å"Audrey! Audrey, where are you? Audrey!† Audrey had seldom heard a voice filled with so much terror, but she was drifting in an endorphin cloud of overexertion. She could barely rouse herself to wave a hand without looking. â€Å"We’re here!† Tom shouted. â€Å"Here!† The next moment Jenny was on her knees beside them. â€Å"Oh, God, what happened? Are you all right?† â€Å"The wolf happened,† Tom said. â€Å"She’s all right, it’s just reaction.† â€Å"Are you all right? Oh, Tom, you’re bleeding!† Sounds of hugging. Normally, Audrey would have let them have their reunion in peace, but now she said, â€Å"Eric’s back there. I don’t know if he’s all right.† â€Å"I’ll go see.† Tom detached himself from Jenny’s arms and went. Jenny turned to Audrey, golden dress shining in the gloom. â€Å"What happened?† â€Å"It tried to chase me into a hole. A hole,† she repeated, before Jenny could ask, and described the thing she’d seen. â€Å"I don’t know why, but it wanted me to fall in.† â€Å"Oh, my God,† Jenny whispered. â€Å"Oh, God, Audrey, it’s all my fault. And if Eric is dead-â€Å" â€Å"He’s not dead,† Tom said, coming back up. â€Å"He’s breathing, and I can’t even find any bleeding or anything. The wolf didn’t want him; it wanted Audrey.† It was only then that Jenny asked, â€Å"What are you doing here?† Tom looked at the ocean. â€Å"I didn’t think anything would happen here-but I wasn’t sure. I hung around in the hotel just in case. When I saw Audrey going down to the beach, I kept an eye on her from the deck up there.† â€Å"Oh, Tom,† Jenny said again. â€Å"Thank God you did,† Audrey said, picking herself up. She was bruised, but everything seemed to be in working order. Her brand new Oscar de la Renta, though, was another matter. â€Å"It’s a pity you couldn’t have saved the dress, too.† As they climbed the sandy ocean ramp up to the hotel grounds, she said thoughtfully, â€Å"Actually, I suppose you saved my life. It doesn’t really matter about the dress.† â€Å"We can’t be the ones to tell the police about Eric,† Jenny said. â€Å"Because we can’t afford to lose the time, and because they might separate us. But we can’t just leave him there, either.† There was a fine trembling in all her muscles, her reaction nearly as severe as Audrey’s. Deep inside her, though, was a steel core of determination. She knew what had to be done. â€Å"Why can’t we lose the time?† Tom asked. â€Å"Because we’ve got to get the others,† Jenny said â€Å"We all need to go somewhere and talk.† She saw Audrey, who was slowly making repairs to her hair and dress, give her a sharp glance. â€Å"I’ll explain later, for now just trust me, Tom.† Tom’s hazel eyes were dark, puzzled, but after a moment he nodded. â€Å"Let me get cleaned up a little; to I’ll go tell them at the front desk that there’s somebody unconscious on the beach. Then we can go.† When he went, he took a note to send up to the ballroom, too. It was from Jenny to Brian, explaining that she had to leave the prom without him, and that she was sorry. Jenny shut her eyes and leaned against the wall. Think, she told herself. Don’t collapse yet, think. â€Å"Audrey, we both need to call our parents. We’ve got to tell them-something-some reason why we’re not coming home tonight. And then we need to think of somewhere we can go. I wonder how much a hotel room costs?† Audrey, with two bobby pins in her mouth, just looked at Jenny. She couldn’t speak, but the look was enough. â€Å"We’re not doing anything dangerous,† Jenny assured her. â€Å"But we’ve got to talk. And I think we’ll only be safe when we’re all together.† Audrey removed the pins and licked her lips. â€Å"What about Michael’s apartment?† she said. â€Å"His dad’s gone for the week.† â€Å"Audrey, you’re brilliant. Now think of what we say to our parents, and we’ll be fine.† In the end they settled for the old double-bluff. Jenny called her house and told her mother she would be staying at Audrey’s; Audrey called her house and told Gabrielle the housekeeper that she would be staying at Jenny’s. Then they called Dee, who had her own phone, and had her come out to the hotel in her jeep, while Tom took the RX-7 to his house to pick up Michael. Finally Tom went back out for Zach, while a cross and sleep-wrinkled Michael let the others into his apartment. It was nearly one-thirty in the morning when they were all together. â€Å"Caffeine,† Michael mumbled. â€Å"For God’s sake.† â€Å"Stunts your growth,† said Dee. â€Å"Makes you blind.† â€Å"Why isn’t there anything in this refrigerator except mayonnaise and Diet Coke?† Audrey called. â€Å"There should be some cream cheese in there somewhere,† Michael said. â€Å"And there’s Cracks Jack in the cupboard; Dad bought a case at the Price Club. If you love me at all, bring me a Coke and tell me what’s going on. I was asleep.† â€Å"And I nearly got killed,† Audrey said, coming around the corner in time to see his eyes widen â€Å"Here. You read "The Forbidden Game: The Chase Chapter 10" in category "Essay examples"† She distributed Diet Cokes and Cracker Jack to everyone except Dee, who just snorted. What a mismatched group we are, Jenny thought, looking around at them. Michael and Audrey were on the couch, Michael in the faded gray sweats he wore as pajamas, and Audrey in the ruins of ha saucy little black dress. Dee was on the other side of Audrey, dressed for action in biking shorts and a khaki tank top, long legs sprawled in front of her. Tom, on the love seat, was windblown and handsome in jeans and a dark blue jersey. Zach sat on the floor by the table wearing a vaguely Oriental black outfit-maybe pajamas, maybe a jogging suit, Jenny thought. Jenny herself was perched on the arm of the love seat in her shimmering and totally inappropriate gold dress. She hadn’t thought about changing, She could see Dee’s eyes on the dress, but she couldn’t return the amused glance. She was too wrought-up. â€Å"Isn’t somebody going to explain what’s going on?† Michael said, tearing into the Cracker Jack. â€Å"Audrey can start,† Jenny said, clasping her hands together and trying to keep them still. Audrey quickly described what had happened. â€Å"But what’s with this hole?† Michael said when she finished. â€Å"Pardon me for asking, but how come the wolf didn’t just kill you? If it’s the same one that attacked Gordie Wilson.† â€Å"Because it’s a Game,† Jenny said. â€Å"A new Game.† Dee’s piercing night-dark gaze was on her. â€Å"You’ve seen Julian,† she said without hesitation. Jenny nodded, clenching her hands even more tightly together. Tom turned to look at her sharply, then turned away, his shoulders tense. Zach stared at her with an inscrutable expression, the black outfit accentuating his pallor. Michael whistled. Audrey, her back very straight, said, â€Å"Tell us.† Jenny told them. Not everything, but the essence of what had happened, leaving out the bits that nobody needed to know. Like the kissing. â€Å"He said that he’d give me a chance to get free of my promise,† she finished. â€Å"That he was going to play a new Game with us, and that we were all players. And at the end he said that the new Game was lambs and monsters.† Audrey drew in her breath, frowning. â€Å"Like that thing we saw those kids playing?† â€Å"What lambs and monsters?† Michael demanded. â€Å"I never heard of it.† â€Å"It’s like cops and robbers,† Jenny said. â€Å"It starts like hide-and-seek-if you’re the monster, you count while all the lambs hide. Then when you find a lamb, you chase it-and if you tag it, it’s caught. Then you bring it back to your base and keep it as a prisoner until somebody else sneaks up to let it free.† â€Å"Or until all the lambs are caught and they get eaten,† Audrey said darkly. â€Å"Cute game,† said Zach, then relapsed into silence. â€Å"If we’re playing, we’d better figure out the rules,† Dee said. â€Å"We may not have to play,† Jenny said. They all looked at her. She knew she was flushed. She had been thinking ever since she’d looked over the balcony railing to see Audrey’s tiny figure disappear into darkness, and by now she’d worked herself into a rather odd state. â€Å"What do you mean?† Dee said, lynx-eyed. Jenny heard herself give a strange little overstrained laugh. â€Å"Well, maybe I should just stop it right now.† She was surprised by the volume of the protest. â€Å"No!† Audrey cried. â€Å"Give in to a guy-any guy? Absolutely not. Never.† â€Å"We have to fight him,† Dee said, smacking a slender fist into her palm. â€Å"You know that, Jenny.† â€Å"We’re going to fight him,† Tom said grimly. â€Å"Uh, look,† Michael said, and then got Audrey’s elbow in his ribs. â€Å"I mean-you’d better not.† â€Å"That’s right, you’d better not,† Audrey said. â€Å"And I’m the one who got chased tonight, so I’m the one who’s got the right to say it.† â€Å"We won’t let you,† Dee said, both long legs on the floor now, leaning forward in the intensity of her emotion. â€Å"It’s our problem, too.† Jenny could feel herself flushing more deeply as a wave of guilt swept her. They didn’t understand-they didn’t know that she’d almost surrendered of her own free will. â€Å"He’s evil,† Tom was saying. â€Å"You can’t just give up and let evil win because of us. You can’t, Jenny.† Zach’s dry voice cut through the impassioned atmosphere. â€Å"I don’t think,† he said, â€Å"that there’s much point in arguing about it. Because from what Jenny said before, it sounded like she agreed to the new Game.† â€Å"I did,† Jenny said. â€Å"I didn’t know-when I agreed I thought he’d leave the rest of you alone. I didn’t think you’d be involved.† â€Å"And he said the Game had started. Which means-â€Å" â€Å"There’s nothing she can do to change it now, even if she wanted to.† Audrey finished Zach’s sentence crisply. â€Å"Like I said†-Dee gave her most bloodthirsty smile-â€Å"I think we’d better figure out the rules.† They all looked at one another. Jenny saw the consensus in all their faces. They were all together now, even Tom. Like the old days. All for one and one for all. She sat down on the love seat beside Tom. â€Å"So what do we need to do to win?† Audrey asked. â€Å"Avoid getting caught,† Zach said tersely. Michael, rummaging glumly in his Cracker Jack, said, â€Å"How? We can’t stay here forever.† â€Å"It’s not as simple as that,† Dee said. â€Å"Look – there are different kinds of games, right? The first Game, the one in the paper house, was like a race game. In a race game the point is to get from the start to the goal in a certain amount of time-or before everybody else does.† â€Å"Like Parcheesi,† Jenny said. â€Å"No, like Chutes and Ladders!† Michael said, looking up excitedly. â€Å"Remember that? You throw the dice and go across the board-and sometimes you can go up a ladder, the way we went up the stairs in the paper house. And sometimes you fall down a chute-â€Å" â€Å"-which we did, on the third floor,† Dee said. â€Å"We had that game as kids,† Zach said with a half glance at Jenny. â€Å"Only ours was called Snakes and Ladders.† â€Å"Okay, the point is that lots of games are race games,† Dee went on. She jumped up and began to pace the room. â€Å"But then there are hunting games, too-those are actually the oldest games of all. Like hide-and-seek. That started out as practice for stalking wild animals.† â€Å"How do you know?† Michael said suspiciously. â€Å"Aba told me. And tag is like capturing domestic animals. This new game Julian is playing is a hunting and capturing game.† Tom shrugged bleakly. â€Å"So he’s planning to hunt down and capture each of us animals.† â€Å"Trophies,† Zach said in a low voice. â€Å"Like my father’s.† â€Å"Not like your father’s,† Dee said, stopping to look at him. â€Å"Your father’s are dead. This is more like a game where you catch each of the animals and put them in a big pen to wait for the slaughter.† Michael choked on his Coke. â€Å"Well, it’s true,† Dee said. â€Å"He didn’t say he was going to kill us one by one. He said he was going to capture us-until the free ones find his base.† Wiping his mouth, Michael said hoarsely, â€Å"Let’s find it now and avoid the whole thing.† â€Å"But that’s the point,† Dee said, sitting on the windowsill. â€Å"How do we find it?† â€Å"How can we?† Zach said. â€Å"It’s hopeless.† Tom was still looking into the distance. â€Å"There might be another way,† he began, and then stopped and shook his head. Jenny didn’t like the expression on his face. She didn’t like the way the green flecks in his eyes showed. â€Å"Tom †¦Ã¢â‚¬  she said, but Audrey was talking to her. â€Å"Didn’t he tell you anything about it, Jenny? His base?† â€Å"No,† Jenny said. â€Å"Only that it was somewhere to keep us before he takes us to the Shadow World.† â€Å"Which means it’s not in the Shadow World itself,† Dee said, and Michael muttered, â€Å"Thank God.† â€Å"But wherever it is, you get there through the holes?† Audrey said. â€Å"Oh, wonderful. I’ll pass, thank you.† â€Å"These holes, now,† Michael said thoughtfully. â€Å"I think they’re very interesting.† â€Å"Maybe because you have one for a brain,† Audrey said with a snappishness she hadn’t shown to Michael in weeks. Michael gave her a startled glance quite different from his standard wounded look. â€Å"No, really,† he said. â€Å"You know, they make me think of something. There’s a story by Ambrose Bierce-the book’s probably around here somewhere.† He twisted his head toward the wall-to-wall bookcases that were the main feature of the living room. Michael’s father wrote science fiction, and the apartment was filled with strange things. Models of spaceships, posters of obscure SF movies, weird masks-but mainly books. Books overflowing the shelves and lying in piles on the floor. As usual, Michael couldn’t find the one he was looking for. â€Å"Well, anyway,† he said, â€Å"Ambrose Bierce wrote this trilogy about weird disappearances, and there was this one story about a sixteen-year-old boy. His name was Charles Ashmore, and one night after it snowed he went out to the spring to get water. Well, the thing was, he went out the door and he never came back. Afterward, his family went outside to see what was the matter, and they saw his tracks in the snow-and the tracks went halfway to the spring and just stopped dead.† Michael lowered his voice dramatically. â€Å"Nobody ever saw him again.† â€Å"Great,† Jenny said. â€Å"But what has that got to dc with things?† â€Å"Well, the story was supposed to be fiction, right? But there was another part in the book, where this German doctor-Dr. Hern, or something-had a theory about how people disappeared. He said that ‘in the visible world there are void places’-sort of like the holes in Swiss cheese.† â€Å"And that guy fell into one?† Dee said, looking intrigued. â€Å"Fell-or was dragged. Like I said, the stories were supposed to be fiction. But what if there really are voids like that? And what if Julian can-well, control them?† â€Å"That’s a nasty idea,† Dee said. â€Å"I like it.† â€Å"Are you saying all people who disappear fall into the Shadow World?† Audrey asked. â€Å"Maybe not all of them, but maybe some of them. And maybe not all the way in, maybe just partway. In the story, when Charles Ashmore’s mother went by the place where he disappeared the next day, she could hear his voice. She heard it fainter and fainter every day, until it finally just faded completely.† â€Å"A halfway place,† Jenny whispered. â€Å"Like the More Games store-some place halfway between the Shadow World and here.† Dee was looking at her shrewdly. â€Å"Like Julian’s base, huh? Somewhere to keep us until he takes us to the Shadow World.† â€Å"And you hear about vortex things in Stonehenge and Sedona, Arizona,† Michael said. â€Å"Was it like a vortex, Audrey?† â€Å"It was big and black,† Audrey said shortly. â€Å"I don’t know how much more vortexy you can get.† But she gave Michael the prize from her Cracker Jack, a blue plastic magnifying glass. He put it beside his prize, a mini baseball card. Jenny was playing absently at her own prize package, not really seeing it. â€Å"But it doesn’t help us find the base,† she said. â€Å"Unless we jump into one of those voids, and then I don’t think we’re coming back.† â€Å"It closed up completely,† Tom said. â€Å"After the wolf jumped into it, it just disappeared. I don’t even think I could find the place again.† â€Å"Anyway, I’ll bet he can move them around,† Michael was beginning, when Jenny gasped. She had torn open her prize package. She’d been fiddling with the prize, completely preoccupied with the question of voids-until something caught her eye. â€Å"What is it?† Dee said, jumping up from the windowsill. â€Å"It’s a book of poetry-or something.† It was a very small book, on cheap paper with large print. One sentence per page. But it was a very strange poem for a Cracker Jack prize. Jenny read: â€Å"In the midst of the word she was trying to say, In the midst of her laughter and glee, She had softly and suddenly vanished away-For the Snark was a Boojum, you see.† There was dead silence in the room. â€Å"It could be a coincidence,† Zach said slowly. Michael was shaking his rumpled head. â€Å"But those lines are wrong. That’s not the way they go-look, that book I know I’ve got.† He went into his bedroom and came out with Alice in Wonderland and Other Favorites. â€Å"They’re from a poem about these guys who go out hunting imaginary animals-Snarks. Only some of the Snarks are Boojums, and those hunt you. And in the end one of them finds a Snark, and it turns out to be a Boojum. But it’s he a the poem-‘In the midst of the word he was trying to say, In the midst of his laughter and glee †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ You see?† â€Å"Cracker Jack wouldn’t make a mistake like that,† Tom said, with a wry smile. â€Å"No,† Jenny whispered. â€Å"It’s from Julian. But is it about what almost happened tonight-or about something that’s going to happen?† The silence stretched. Tom’s brows were drawn together. Dee had her jaguar look on and was pacing again, Zachary’s gray eyes were narrow, his lean body tense and still. Michael had put down the book. â€Å"You think he’s giving us clues in advance?† â€Å"It would be-sporting, I guess,† Jenny said. â€Å"And he gave me a kind of clue on the balcony, remember. He said he’d go after ‘Little Red Riding-Hood’ first.† Everyone looked at everyone else speculatively. Suddenly Dee whirled and did a swift, flowing punch-and-kick. â€Å"Then we might just have a Excitement was passing from one of them to another like sparks traveling down a fuse. â€Å"If we can figure the clues out beforehand-and Unjust surround the person they’re about†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Dee said. â€Å"I know we can! I always wanted to be Sherlock Holmes,† said Michael. â€Å"I think it might actually work,† Tom said. A new light had kindled in his hazel eyes. Dee laughed exultantly. â€Å"Of course it will work! We’re going to beat him.† Jenny was caught up in the fervor herself. Maybe they could outthink Julian. â€Å"It’s not going to be easy-â€Å" â€Å"But we’ll do it,† Audrey said. â€Å"Because we have to.† She gave Jenny a spiky-lashed glance and picked up several empty Coke cans to take to the kitchen. â€Å"We’d better start with the one we have, then,† Zach said, turning a cool, analytical gaze on Jenny’s riddle book. â€Å"Unless that one’s already finished,† Michael said. â€Å"I mean, if it was about Audrey-or should I call you Little Red Riding-Hood?† he shouted to the kitchen. â€Å"Call me madam,† Audrey said from around the corner, her good humor clearly restored. â€Å"Call me Al.† She began to sing a Paul Simon song.† ‘I can call you Betty, and Betty, when you call me, you can call me-‘† â€Å"Well?† Michael yelled when she didn’t finish. â€Å"What can I call you?† Audrey didn’t answer, and Michael snorted, â€Å"Women!† Zach was saying, â€Å"Yeah, but what if it’s a new clue? It says she, so it’s got to be either-â€Å" Jenny heard him as if from a distance. She was listening, listening, and all at once she couldn’t breathe. â€Å"Audrey?† she said. The sound of rattling cans in the kitchen had stopped. â€Å"Audrey? Audrey?† Everyone was looking at her, frightened by something in her voice. The sound of raw panic, Jenny guessed. Jenny stared back at them, and their images seemed to waver. Utter silence came from the kitchen. Then she was on her feet and moving. She reached the comer before any of them, even Dee. She looked into the kitchen. Her screams rang off the light fixture in the ceiling. â€Å"No! No! Oh, God, no!† How to cite The Forbidden Game: The Chase Chapter 10, Essay examples

Complexity of Learning Lexicographic Strategies - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Complexity of Learning Lexicographic Strategies. Answer: Introduction: Survey among consumers of Schmeckt Gut Energy Bars carried out in 5 districts namely, A, B, C, D, and E reflected mixed response on satisfaction level of consumption- a mean value of 7.27. Resultantly, weight of the bars was recorded to understand its impact, if any, on the degree of satisfaction among its consumers, thereby detailing certain concrete recommendations to address the situation. This report in consideration to the purpose stated, carried out certain statistical analysis on the predictor variable- weight of the energy bars and the response variable- customer satisfaction to establish the causality of the former on the latter. Statistical tools namely mean and standard deviation was carried out to understand the standard weight of bars across districts, followed by Pearson Correlation and Linear regression. Mean distribution of Schmeckt Gut Energy Bars across 5 districts reflected varied weight distribution initiating below 46 grams to above 48 grams (see Figure 1 below), despite the standard weight being specified as 47 grams. However, since majority of the weight examined remained within 46.90 to 47.20, slightly above and below the standard margin, the average weight distribution, taking all the districts together project a mean value of 46.88, establishing approximately standardized weight, when taken on average. Standard deviation of .70 obtained from the descriptive analysis justifies the concentration of data around mean value of weight (see table 1, below). Descriptive Statistics N Minimum Maximum Mean Std. Deviation Weight 160 45.20 49.00 46.8850 .70105 CS 108 3.00 10.00 7.2778 2.11728 Frequency distribution of customer satisfaction with Schmeckt Gut Energy Bars further presents affirmative results with 53.7% rating the bars between 8 to 10 (see figure 2 below). Hence mean value of consume response project an above average value of 7.2, with standard deviation of 2.1 validating the concentration data to certain extent (see table 1, above). Having established the mean values of both customer satisfaction and weight of the energy bars, it was now imperative to understand if there exist any linear relationship between the two variables. This imperativeness can be reasoned with the necessity to recommend effective strategies, which can be shaped if the causality of weight of energy bars on customer satisfaction is established. If not established, other parameters like ingredients, taste, price to name a few can be applied further, to strategize the degree of satisfaction among consumers. Bivariate correlation and linear regression, principal statistical methodology for observational experiments were applied to establish linear relationship and causality, where Pearson coefficient value projected its invariance to linear transformation of either variables (Rodgers and Nicewander; p.61). As seen in Table 2 below, weight and customer satisfaction established a negative relationship ( -.161) with significance at .10 index (0.9 6) and hence a negative causality of beta value (-.54). The results refer to inverse movement between weight of energy bars and customer satisfaction. Weight CS Unstandardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t Sig. B Std. Error Beta Weight Pearson Correlation 1 -.161 47.413 .242 195.909 .000 Sig. (2-tailed) .096 CS Pearson Correlation -.161 1 -.054 .032 -.161 -1.677 .096 Sig. (2-tailed) .096 R square value in regression model too project a lower degree of variance (.026) with F value at 2.812, establishing the model not fit to regression equation and thus accepting the null hypothesis that there exists no relationship between weight of energy bars and customer satisfaction. Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate Durbin-Watson F Sig. 1 .161a .026 .017 .69957 2.051 2.812 .096b Following the acceptance of null hypothesis that there exists no relationship of weight on customer satisfaction, this report moves forth in developing some concrete recommendations which purports to serve as guidance to decision making by Schmeckt Gut. Apart from the inverse relationship forming rationale for recommendation, the varying ratings of customers of the energy bar, going as below as 3 also serves as motivation. Besides, the deviating range of weight- from approximately 45 grams to 48 grams also serves as rationale for this recommendation. Based on Nicholas Bernoulli, John von Neumann, and Oskar Morgensterns Utility theory, consumers are rational beings who invest in only those products which maximize their well-being (Fishburn, 1989). Prospect theory propounded by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky additionally attaches value and endowment as core elements based on which consumers choose their products (Kahneman Tversky, 1979). Following these two theories, Schmeckt Gut is recommended to develop the quality of their energy bars in terms of nutrition along with variety and unicity, which will make the bars precious to consume owing to unavailability of such elements in similar products in the market. Apart from acting as meal replacement, Schmeckt Gut energy bars should act as complementary choice for fitness conscious consumers or pregnant women, with ingredients like rolled oats, rice, seeds (like flaxseed or chia), nuts and whey isolate or pea blend as vegetarian options. Decision making should also focus in line with lexicographic strategy, where consumers evaluate products on most important attribute before buying (Schmitt Martignon, 2006). Here, if the energy bars are developed focusing of a target audience of pregnant women, this will potentially up the market, providing competitive edge to Schmeckt Gut in the market. Further, marketing theory of involvement propounds consumers to be applying cognitive effort to their decision-making process for acquisition of products perceived to be of greater importance. Following the theory, Schmeckt Gut is recommended to conduct a detailed survey on its consumers or target audience understanding the important elements they perceive should be added to energy bars. Such involvement of consumers in developing of products and decision-making will not only help build strong consumer relation with the brand but will also help align the organizations goal with its end user. Nonetheless, recommendation is made to consider having a larger number of specialized products each target a different set of audience, rather than loading all features into one product, as that not only affects the quality but also question its usability among consumers, hampering maximization of their long-term satisfaction (Thompson, Hamilton, Rust, 2005). To conclude, the report was limited to one parameter- weight of the energy bars in understanding consumer relationship, which if been wholistic would have contributed in making the recommendations more practically applicable and in-depth. Herein lies the future scope of report where in-depth studies on consumer perception on various important and not-so-important parameters can be studied along with effect of satisfaction of different sub-categories of energy bars on concerned target audience. Such detail will enable the board to develop effective decisions. References Fishburn, P. C. (1989). Retrospective on the Utility Theory of von Neumann and Morgenstern. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 2, 127158. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00056134 Kahneman, D., Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision Under Risk. Econometrica, 2, 263. Retrieved from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1505880 Rodgers, J. L., Nicewander, W. A. (1988). Thirteen Ways to Look at the Correlation Coefficient. The American Statistician, 42(1), 5966. Retrieved from https://www.stat.berkeley.edu/users/rabbee/correlation.pdf Schmitt, M., Martignon, L. (2006). On the Complexity of Learning Lexicographic Strategies. Journal of Machine Learning Research, 7, 5583. Retrieved from https://jmlr.org/papers/volume7/schmitt06a/schmitt06a.pdf Thompson, D. V., Hamilton, R. W., Rust, R. T. (2005). Feature Fatigue: When Product Capabilities Become Too Much of a Good Thing. Journal of Marketing Research, 42(November), 431442. Retrieved from https://www.rhsmith.umd.edu/files/Documents/Faculty/FeatureFatigueWhenProductCapabilitiesBecomeTooMuchOfAGoodThing.pdf

Urban Transportation Planning Essay Example

Urban Transportation Planning Essay Name: Instructor: Course: Date: We will write a custom essay sample on Urban Transportation Planning specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Urban Transportation Planning specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Urban Transportation Planning specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Urban Transportation Planning Community visions and goals are fundamental in the process of urban transportation planning. This is because the vision indicates the results and outcomes that the community seeks to accomplish after a specified period. Consequently, developing a vision is incomplete without the inculcation of goals and objectives, which integrate to create a goal set (Meyer Miller, 205). The importance in developing a vision and a goals set in a respective community is to enable it plan different strategies and perform specific tasks and activities that will assist the community in accomplishing the stated goals and objectives and thus determine whether the plans matched with the vision and goals set in place. In order to understand the effect of a community’s vision and goals set on the urban transportation planning procedure, it is important to consider three communities that possess different visions and goals sets. Question 1 The Cleveland Community One of the communities is the Cleveland community. Cleveland is the central hub of the state of Ohio. Located in the county of Cuyahoga, the community possesses a considerable population of 396815 people (The City of Cleveland, 2013). The overall vision and goals set for the community are set based on achieving vitality, energy and connection in the community. Therefore, the vision of Cleveland community is to ensure that it strives to achieve the status of being a Community for Choice for its residents. Consequently, the goal set is to ensure that it becomes a community that embraces vitality, vibrancy and connection for locals and foreigners. The Santa Monica Community The Santa Monica community situated in Los Angeles County in the state of California possesses a considerably large population. The population density per square mile is 10664 people. The total population is currently at 89736. The community emphasizes its vision and goals on maintain maintenance in the community. The community possesses eight goals based on the overall vision. These goals include preservation of resources, community and environmental health, transportation, economic progress, land employment and open space, housing, community participation and edification and individual dignity (Community Sustainability Program: Santa Monica, 2013). The Detroit Community The Detroit Community is the largest community in the state of Michigan. Located in Wayne County, the Detroit Community possesses a population of over 713777 civilians in the city (City of Detroit, 2013). The community bases its vision and goals set on the creation of a community that protects its civilians against effects of substance abuse. Thus, the vision of the Detroit community is to ensure that the community’s capacities are sustained to lessen the amount of deaths related to alcohol-related automobile accidents, juvenile drinking prevalence and issues of substance abuse in the community. Question 2 The Cleveland Community possesses a vision that it seeks to accomplish before 2020. The vision is based on propelling the community’s status to become one of the major cities in the state of Ohio. Accordingly, Cleveland focuses on alleviating its vision by ensuring that it accomplishes its goals of being the preferred choice for residents and foreigners alike. Additionally, the goal of the community is a prospect conceived and supported by the city’s incumbent administration. Thus, the vision of the Cleveland Community is ensuring that it becomes a Community of Choice for its residents and foreigners alike. Being a Community of Choice according to the Cleveland administration means that persons residing within the neighborhood as well as persons visiting the community find Cleveland to be a place that caters for the diverse needs and requirements. Hence, residents and visitors alike will deem Cleveland as a preferred choice due to the availability and accessibility of t he amenities it provides, which in turn assist the people in fulfilling their personal objectives. Typically, the input used in the definition of a vision is the fundamental aspect that is capable of influencing the manner in which the vision is articulated. Therefore, the inputs create the foundation that will determine the contents of the respective vision. The vision of the Cleveland Community implies Vitality, Vibrancy and Connection. These three factors are the main inputs that define the community’s vision. This is because they determine the prospects that the community possesses in order to achieve their desired states. Additionally, the inputs of Vitality, Vibrancy and Connection in the community’s vision allow for understanding and inculcation of specific components that are relevant in performing according to the vision of the community. The vision of the Cleveland community is centered on three factors. The first factor is Vitality. Based on vitality, the vision is based on making Cleveland community an important community that possesses a prosperous economy defined by novel employment opportunities in information technology, product design, expert services, superior manufacturing, medical research and health care. The second factor based on Vibrancy embarks on making Cleveland a 24-hour area with a lively downtown and centers within the neighborhood that will enable people to shop, work, eat and visit places that provide accessible transportation. The last factor involves Connection. The Cleveland community seeks to become a community that ensures residents maintain connection to all available amenities and concurrently maintain connections with one another. Question 3 The objectives relating to the vision of the Cleveland community are based on ensuring that residents and enterprises are catered to positively in order to facilitate the community’s vision. The community possesses several objectives that it seeks to accomplish in the year 2020. Foremost, Cleveland plans to be the main center of advanced manufacturing. Secondly, the community plans to be the pioneer in education improvement via partnerships. Thirdly, Cleveland plans to be a community with racial diversity and enough space to attract prominent entrepreneurs. Fourth, Cleveland plans to ensure supplementary and objective security in the neighborhood. Additionally, Cleveland plans to ensure sustainable development that will be focused on approving vital infrastructures such as its transportation network. Moreover, Cleveland plans to ensure that more employment opportunities are created. The community also plans to make the neighborhood a center for creative art and culture. The co mmunity also plans to ensure that its residents live a fit lifestyle through creation of bike paths, walkable routes and recreational facilities. Question 4 In order to ensure that the objectives are fulfilled, Cleveland has been embarking on activities that facilitate the long-term plans. Based on advanced manufacturing, Cleveland has invested considerably in acquiring novel technologies for existing industries. The community has also formed partnerships that will assist in providing resources based on students’ needs in order to facilitate education. Cleveland has also expanded institutions such as Cleveland Orchestra in order to facilitate art and culture in the community. Moreover, the community has engaged in environmental projects that focus on ensuring a healthy life for the environment and at the same time creates healthy lifestyles for residents through development of bike paths and provision of recreation activities for residents of all ages and sizes. Works Cited City of Detroit. n.p, n.d. Web. 28 Feb 2012. Community Sustainability Program: Santa Monica. Sustainable Works, n.d. Web. 28 Feb 2012. Meyer, Michael D, and Eric J. Miller. Urban Transportation Planning. Dubuque, Iowa: McGraw-Hill, 2000. Print. The City of Cleveland. n.p, n.d. Web. 28 Feb 2012.

Crito by Yetagesu †Translation by Benjamin Jowett

Crito by Yetagesu – Translation by Benjamin Jowett Free Online Research Papers CRITO by yetagesu translated by Benjamin Jowett CRITO PERSONS OF THE DIALOGUE SOCRATES CRITO SCENE: The Prison of Socrates Socrates. WHY have you come at this hour, Crito? it must be quite early. Crito. Yes, certainly. Soc. What is the exact time? Cr. The dawn is breaking. Soc. I wonder the keeper of the prison would let you in. Cr. He knows me because I often come, Socrates; moreover. I have done him a kindness. Soc. And are you only just come? Cr. No, I came some time ago. Soc. Then why did you sit and say nothing, instead of awakening me at once? Cr. Why, indeed, Socrates, I myself would rather not have all this sleeplessness and sorrow. But I have been wondering at your peaceful slumbers, and that was the reason why I did not awaken you, because I wanted you to be out of pain. I have always thought you happy in the calmness of your temperament; but never did I see the like of the easy, cheerful way in which you bear this calamity. Soc. Why, Crito, when a man has reached my age he ought not to be repining at the prospect of death. Cr. And yet other old men find themselves in similar misfortunes, and age does not prevent them from repining. Soc. That may be. But you have not told me why you come at this early hour. Cr. I come to bring you a message which is sad and painful; not, as I believe, to yourself but to all of us who are your friends, and saddest of all to me. Soc. What! I suppose that the ship has come from Delos, on the arrival of which I am to die? Cr. No, the ship has not actually arrived, but she will probably be here to-day, as persons who have come from Sunium tell me that they have left her there; and therefore to-morrow, Socrates, will be the last day of your life. Soc. Very well, Crito; if such is the will of God, I am willing; but my belief is that there will be a delay of a day. Cr. Why do you say this? Soc. I will tell you. I am to die on the day after the arrival of the ship? Cr. Yes; that is what the authorities say. Soc. But I do not think that the ship will be here until to-morrow; this I gather from a vision which I had last night, or rather only just now, when you fortunately allowed me to sleep. Cr. And what was the nature of the vision? Soc. There came to me the likeness of a woman, fair and comely, clothed in white raiment, who called to me and said: O Socrates- The third day hence, to Phthia shalt thou go. Cr. What a singular dream, Socrates! Soc. There can be no doubt about the meaning Crito, I think. Cr. Yes: the meaning is only too clear. But, O! my beloved Socrates, let me entreat you once more to take my advice and escape. For ifyou die I shall not only lose a friend who can never be replaced, but there is another evil: people who do not know you and me will believe that I might have saved you if I had been willing to give money, but that I did not care. Now, can there be a worse disgrace than this- that I should be thought to value money more than the life of a friend? For the many will not be persuaded that I wanted you to escape, and that you refused. Soc. But why, my dear Crito, should we care about the opinion of the many? Good men, and they are the only persons who are worth considering, will think of these things truly as they happened. Cr. But do you see. Socrates, that the opinion of the many must be regarded, as is evident in your own case, because they can do the very greatest evil to anyone who has lost their good opinion? Soc. I only wish, Crito, that they could; for then they could also do the greatest good, and that would be well. But the truth is, that they can do neither good nor evil: they cannot make a man wise or make him foolish; and whatever they do is the result of chance. Cr. Well, I will not dispute about that; but please to tell me, Socrates, whether you are not acting out of regard to me and your other friends: are you not afraid that if you escape hence we may get into trouble with the informers for having stolen you away, and lose either the whole or a great part of our property; or that even a worse evil may happen to us? Now, if this is your fear, be at ease; for in order to save you, we ought surely to run this or even a greater risk; be persuaded, then, and do as I say. Soc. Yes, Crito, that is one fear which you mention, but by no means the only one. Cr. Fear not. There are persons who at no great cost are willing to save you and bring you out of prison; and as for the informers, you may observe that they are far from being exorbitant in their demands; a little money will satisfy them. My means, which, as I amsure, are ample, are at your service, and if you have a scruple about spending all mine, here are strangers who will give you the use of theirs; and one of them, Simmias the Theban, has brought a sum of money for this very purpose; and Cebes and many others are willing to spend their money too. I say, therefore, do not on that account hesitate about making your escape, and do not say, as you did in the court, that you will have a difficulty in knowing what to do with yourself if you escape. For men will love you in other places to which you may go, and not in Athens only; there are friends of mine in Thessaly, if you like to go to them, who will value and protect you, and no Thessalian will give you any trouble. Nor can I think that you are justified, Socrates, in betraying your own life when you might be saved; this is playing into the hands of your enemies and destroyers; and moreover I should say that you were betraying your children; for you might bring them up and educate them; instead of which you go away and leave them, and they will have to take their chance; and if they do not meet with the usual fate of orphans, there will be small thanks to you. No man should bring children into the world who is unwilling to persevere to the end in their nurture and education. But you are choosing the easier part, as I think, not the better and manlier, which would rather have become one who professes virtue in all his actions, like yourself. And, indeed, I am ashamed not only of you, but of us who are your friends, when I reflect that this entire business of yours will be attributed to our want of courage. The trial need never have come on, or might have been brought to another issue; and the end of all, which is the crowning absurdity, will seem to have been permitted by us, through cowardice and baseness, who might have saved you, as you might have saved yourself, if we had been good for anything (for there was no difficulty in escaping); and we did not see how disgraceful, Socrates, and also miserable all this will be to us as well as to you. Make your mind up then, or rather have your mind already made up, for the time of deliberation is over, and there is only one thing to be done, which must be done, if at all, this very night, and which any delay will render all but impossible; I beseech you therefore, Socrates, to be persuaded by me, and to do as I say. Soc. Dear Crito, your zeal is invaluable, if a right one; but if wrong, the greater the zeal the greater the evil; and therefore we ought to consider whether these things shall be done or not. For I am and always have been one of those natures who must be guided by reason, whatever the reason may be which upon reflection appears to me to be the best; and now that this fortune has come upon me, I cannot put away the reasons which I have before given: the principles which I have hitherto honored and revered I still honor, and unless we can find other and better principles on the instant, I am certain not to agree with you; no, not even if the power of the multitude could inflict many more imprisonments, confiscations, deaths, frightening us like children with hobgoblin terrors. But what will be the fairest way of considering the question? Shall I return to your old argument about the opinions of men, some of which are to be regarded, and others, as we were saying, are not to be regarded? Now were we right in maintaining this before I was condemned? And has the argument which was once good now proved to be talk for the sake of talking; in fact an amusement only, and altogether vanity? That is what I want to consider with your help, Crito: whether, under my present circumstances, the argument appears to be in any way different or not; and is to be allowed by me or disallowed. That argument, which, as I believe, is maintained by many who assume to be authorities, was to the effect, as I was saying, that the opinions of some men are to be regarded, and of other men not to be regarded. Now you, Crito, are a disinterested person who are not going to die to-morrow- at least, there is no human probability of this, and you are therefore notliable to be deceived by the circumstances in which you are placed. Tell me, then, whether I am right in saying that some opinions, and the opinions of some men only, are to be valued, and other opinions, and the opinions of other men, are not to be valued. I ask you whether I was right in maintaining this? Cr. Certainly. Soc. The good are to be regarded, and not the bad? Cr. Yes. Soc. And the opinions of the wise are good, and the opinions of the unwise are evil? Cr. Certainly. Soc. And what was said about another matter? Was the disciple in gymnastics supposed to attend to the praise and blame and opinion of every man, or of one man only- his physician or trainer, whoever that was? Cr. Of one man only. Soc. And he ought to fear the censure and welcome the praise of that one only, and not of the many? Cr. That is clear. Soc. And he ought to live and train, and eat and drink in the way which seems good to his single master who has understanding, rather than according to the opinion of all other men put together? Cr. True. Soc. And if he disobeys and disregards the opinion and approval of the one, and regards the opinion of the many who have no understanding, will he not suffer evil? Cr. Certainly he will. Soc. And what will the evil be, whither tending and what affcting, in the disobedient person? Cr. Clearly, affecting the body; that is what is destroyed by the evil. Soc. Very good; and is not this true, Crito, of other things which we need not separately enumerate? In the matter of just and unjust, fair and foul, good and evil, which are the subjects of our present consultation, ought we to follow the opinion of the many and to fear them; or the opinion of the one man who has understanding, and whom we ought to fear and reverence more than all the rest of the world: and whom deserting we shall destroy and injure that principle in us which may be assumed to be improved by justice and deteriorated by injustice; is there not such a principle? Cr. Certainly there is, Socrates. Soc. Take a parallel instance; if, acting under the advice of men who have no understanding, we destroy that which is improvable by health and deteriorated by disease- when that has been destroyed, I say, would life be worth having? And that is- the body? Cr. Yes. Soc. Could we live, having an evil and corrupted body? Cr. Certainly not. Soc. And will life be worth having, if that higher part of man be depraved, which is improved by justice and deteriorated by injustice? Do we suppose that principle, whatever it may be in man, which has to do with justice and injustice, to be inferior to the body? Cr. Certainly not. Soc. More honored, then? Cr. Far more honored. Soc. Then, my friend, we must not regard what the many say of us: but what he, the one man who has understanding of just and unjust, will say, and what the truth will say. And therefore you begin in error when you suggest that we should regard the opinion of the many about just and unjust, good and evil, honorable and dishonorable. Well, someone will say, But the many can kill us. Cr. Yes, Socrates; that will clearly be the answer. Soc. That is true; but still I find with surprise that the old argument is, as I conceive, unshaken as ever. And I should like to know Whether I may say the same of another proposition- that not life, but a good life, is to be chiefly valued? Cr. Yes, that also remains. Soc. And a good life is equivalent to a just and honorable one- that holds also? Cr. Yes, that holds. Soc. From these premises I proceed to argue the question whether I ought or ought not to try to escape without the consent of the Athenians: and if I am clearly right in escaping, then I will make the attempt; but if not, I will abstain. The other considerations which you mention, of money and loss of character, and the duty of educating children, are, I fear, only the doctrines of the multitude, who would be as ready to call people to life, if they were able, as they are to put them to death- and with as little reason. But now, since the argument has thus far prevailed, the only question which remains to be considered is, whether we shall do rightly either in escaping or in suffering others to aid in our escape and paying them in money and thanks, or whether we shall not do rightly; and if the latter, then death or any other calamity which may ensue on my remaining here must not be allowed to enter into the calculation. Cr. I think that you are right, Socrates; how then shall we proceed? Soc. Let us consider the matter together, and do you either refute me if you can, and I will be convinced; or else cease, my dear friend, from repeating to me that I ought to escape against the wishes of the Athenians: for I am extremely desirous to be persuaded by you, but not against my own better judgment. And now please to consider my first position, and do your best to answer me. Cr. I will do my best. Soc. Are we to say that we are never intentionally to do wrong, or that in one way we ought and in another way we ought not to do wrong, or is doing wrong always evil and dishonorable, as I was just now saying, and as has been already acknowledged by us? Are all our former admissions which were made within a few days to be thrown away? And have we, at our age, been earnestly discoursing with one another all our life long only to discover that we are no better than children? Or are we to rest assured, in spite of the opinion of the many, and in spite of consequences whether better or worse, of the truth of what was then said, that injustice is always an evil and dishonor to him who acts unjustly? Shall we affirm that? Cr. Yes. Soc. Then we must do no wrong? Cr. Certainly not. Soc. Nor when injured injure in return, as the many imagine; for we must injure no one at all? Cr. Clearly not. Soc. Again, Crito, may we do evil? Cr. Surely not, Socrates. Soc. And what of doing evil in return for evil, which is the morality of the many-is that just or not? Cr. Not just. Soc. For doing evil to another is the same as injuring him? Cr. Very true. Soc. Then we ought not to retaliate or render evil for evil to anyone, whatever evil we may have suffered from him. But I would have you consider, Crito, whether you really mean what you are saying. For this opinion has never been held, and never will be held, by any considerable number of persons; and those who are agreed and those who are not agreed upon this point have no common ground, and can only despise one another, when they see how widely they differ. Tell me, then, whether you agree with and assent to my first principle, that neither injury nor retaliation nor warding off evil by evil is ever right. And shall that be the premise of our agreement? Or do you decline and dissent from this? For this has been of old and is still my opinion; but, if you are of another opinion, let me hear what you have to say. If, however, you remain of the same mind as formerly, I will proceed to the next step. Cr. You may proceed, for I have not changed my mind. Soc. Then I will proceed to the next step, which may be put in the form of a question: Ought a man to do what he admits to be right, or ought he to betray the right? Cr. He ought to do what he thinks right. Soc. But if this is true, what is the application? In leaving the prison against the will of the Athenians, do I wrong any? or rather do I not wrong those whom I ought least to wrong? Do I not desert the principles which were acknowledged by us to be just? What do you say? Cr. I cannot tell, Socrates, for I do not know. Soc. Then consider the matter in this way: Imagine that I am about to play truant (you may call the proceeding by any name which you like), and the laws and the government come and interrogate me: Tell us, Socrates, they say; what are you about? are you going by an act of yours to overturn us- the laws and the whole State, as far as in you lies? Do you imagine that a State can subsist and not be overthrown, in which the decisions of law have no power, but are set aside and overthrown by individuals? What will be our answer, Crito, to these and the like words? Anyone, and especially a clever rhetorician, will have a good deal to urge about the evil of setting aside the law which requires a sentence to be carried out; and we might reply, Yes; but the State has injured us and given an unjust sentence. Suppose I say that? Cr. Very good, Socrates. Soc. And was that our agreement with you? the law would sar, or were you to abide by the sentence of the State? And if I were to express astonishment at their saying this, the law would probably add: Answer, Socrates, instead of opening your eyes: you are in the habit of asking and answering questions. Tell us what complaint you have to make against us which justifies you in attempting to destroy us and the State? In the first place did we not bring you into existence? Your father married your mother by our aid and begat you. Say whether you have any objection to urge against those of us who regulate marriage? None, I should reply. Or against those of us who regulate the system of nurture and education of children in which you were trained? Were not the laws, who have the charge of this, right in commanding your father to train you in music and gymnastic? Right, I should reply. Well, then, since you were brought into the world and nurtured and educated by us, can you deny in the first place that you are our child and slave, as your fathers were before you? And if this is true you are not on equal terms with us; nor can you think that you have a right to do to us what we are doing to you. Would you have any right to strike or revile or do any other evil to a father or to your master, if you had one, when you have been struck or reviled by him, or received some other evil at his hands?- you would not say this? And because we think right to destroy you, do you think that you have any right to destroy us in return, and your country as far as in you lies? And will you, O professor of true virtue, say that you are justified in this? Has a philosopher like you failed to discover that our country is more to be valued and higher and holier far than mother or father or any ancestor, and more to be regarded in the eyes of the gods and of men of understanding? also to be soothed, and gently and reverently entreated when angry, even more than a father, and if not persuaded, obeyed? And when we are punished by her, whether with imprisonment or stripes, the punishment is to be endured in silence; and if she leads us to wounds or death in battle, thither we follow as is right; neither may anyone yield or retreat or leave his rank, but whether in battle or in a court of law, or in any other place, he must do what his city and his country order him; or he must change their view of what is just: and if he may do no violence to his father or mother, much less may he do violence to his country. What answer shall we make to this, Crito? Do the laws speak truly, or do they not? Cr. I think that they do. Soc. Then the laws will say: Consider, Socrates, if this is true, that in your present attempt you are going to do us wrong. For, after having brought you into the world, and nurtured and educated you, and given you and every other citizen a share in every good that we had to give, we further proclaim and give the right to every Athenian, that if he does not like us when he has come of age and has seen the ways of the city, and made our acquaintance, he may go where he pleases and take his goods with him; and none of us laws will forbid him or interfere with him. Any of you who does not like us and the city, and who wants to go to a colony or to any other city, may go where he likes, and take his goods with him. But he who has experience of the manner in which we order justice and administer the State, and still remains, has entered into an implied contract that he will do as we command him. And he who disobeys us is, as we maintain, thrice wrong: first, because in disobeying us he is disobeying his parents; secondly, because we are the authors of his education; thirdly, because he has made an agreement with us that he will duly obey our commands; and he neither obeys them nor convinces us that our commands are wrong; and we do not rudely impose them, but give him the alternative of obeying or convincing us; that is what we offer and he does neither. These are the sort of accusations to which, as we were saying, you, Socrates, will be exposed if you accomplish your intentions; you, above all other Athenians. Suppose I ask, why is this? they will justly retort upon me that I above all other men have acknowledged the agreement. There is clear proof, they will say, Socrates, that we and the city were not displeasing to you. Of all Athenians you have been the most constant resident in the city, which, as you never leave, you may be supposed to love. For you never went out of the city either to see the games, except once when you went to the Isthmus, or to any other place unless when you were on military service; nor did you travel as other men do. Nor had you any curiosity to know other States or their laws: your affections did not go beyond us and our State; we were your especial favorites, and you acquiesced in our government of you; and this is the State in which you begat your children, which is a proof of your satisfaction. Moreover, you might, if you had liked, have fixed the penalty at banishment in the course of the trial-the State which refuses to let you go now would have let you go then. But you pretended that you preferred death to exile, and that you were not grieved at death. And now you have forgotten these fine sentiments, and pay no respect to us, the laws, of whom you are the destroyer; and are doing what only a miserable slave would do, running away and turning your back upon the compacts and agreements which you made as a citizen. And first of all answer this very question: Are we right in saying that you agreed to be governed according to us in deed, and not in word only? Is that true or not? How shall we answer that, Crito? Must we not agree? Cr. There is no help, Socrates. Soc. Then will they not say: You, Socrates, are breaking the covenants and agreements which you made with us at your leisure, not in any haste or under any compulsion or deception, but having had seventy years to think of them, during which time you were at liberty to leave the city, if we were not to your mind, or if our covenants appeared to you to be unfair. You had your choice, and might have gone either to Lacedaemon or Crete, which you often praise for their good government, or to some other Hellenic or foreign State. Whereas you, above all other Athenians, seemed to be so fond of the State, or, in other words, of us her laws (for who would like a State that has no laws?), that you never stirred out of her: the halt, the blind, the maimed, were not more stationary in her than you were. And now you run away and forsake your agreements. Not so, Socrates, if you will take our advice; do not make yourself ridiculous by escaping out of the city. For just consider, if you transgress and err in this sort of way, what good will you do, either to yourself or to your friends? That your friends will be driven into exile and deprived of citizenship, or will lose their property, is tolerably certain; and you yourself, if you fly to one of the neighboring cities, as, for example, Thebes or Megara, both of which are well-governed cities, will come to them as an enemy, Socrates, and their government will be against you, and all patriotic citizens will cast an evil eye upon you as a subverter of the laws, and you will confirm in the minds of the judges the justice of their own condemnation of you. For he who is a corrupter of the laws is more than likely to be corrupter of the young and foolish portion of mankind. Will you then flee from well-ordered cities and virtuous men? and is existence worth having on these terms? Or will you go to them without shame, and talk to them, Socrates? And what will you say to them? What you say here about virtue and justice and institutions and laws being the best things among men? Would that be decent of you? Surely not. But if you go away from well-governed States to Critos friends in Thessaly, where there is great disorder and license, they will be charmed to have the tale of your escape from prison, set off with ludicrous particulars of the manner in which you were wrapped in a goatskin or some other disguise, and metamorphosed as the fashion of runaways is- that is very likely; but will there be no one to remind you that in your old age you violated the most sacred laws from a miserable desire of a little more life? Perhaps not, if you keep them in a good temper; but if they are out of temper you will hear many degrading things; you will live, but how?- as the flatterer of all men, and the servant of all men; and doing what?- eating and drinking in Thessaly, having gone abroad in order that you may get a dinner. And where will be your fine sentiments about justice and virtue then? Say that you wish to live for the sake of your children, that you may bring them up and educate them- will you take them into Thessaly and deprive them of Athenian citizenship? Is that the benefit which you would confer upon them? Or are you under the impression that they will be better cared for and educated here if you are still alive, although absent from them; for that your friends will take care of them? Do you fancy that if you are an inhabitant of Thessaly they will take care of them, and if you are an inhabitant of the other world they will not take care of them? Nay; but if they who call themselves friends are truly friends, they surely will. Listen, then, Socrates, to us who have brought you up. Think not of life and children first, and of justice afterwards, but of justice first, that you may be justified before the princes of the world below. For neither will you nor any that belong to you be happier or holier or juster in this life, or happier in another, if you do as Crito bids. Now you depart in innocence, a sufferer and not a doer of evil; a victim, not of the laws, but of men. But if you go forth, returning evil for evil, and injury for injury, breaking the covenants and agreements which you have made with us, and wronging those whom you ought least to wrong, that is to say, yourself, your friends, your country, and us, we shall be angry with you while you live, and our brethren, the laws in the world below, will receive you as an enemy; for they will know that you have done your best to destroy us. Listen, then, to us and not to Crito. This is the voice which I seem to hear murmuring in my ears, like the sound of the flute in the ears of the mystic; that voice, I say, is humming in my ears, and prevents me from hearing any other. And I know that anything more which you will say will be in vain. Yet speak, if you have anything to say. Cr. I have nothing to say, Socrates. Soc. Then let me follow the intimations of the will of God. yetagesu desisa 2002 -THE END- Research Papers on Crito by Yetagesu - Translation by Benjamin JowettComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThe Spring and AutumnWhere Wild and West MeetQuebec and CanadaThree Concepts of PsychodynamicEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenHonest Iagos Truth through Deception19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraTwilight of the UAWAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

Understanding Kuznets Curve

Understanding Kuznets Curve The Kuznets curve is a hypothetical curve that graphs economic inequality against income per capita over the course of economic development (which was presumed to correlate with time). This curve is meant to illustrate economist Simon Kuznets’ (1901-1985) hypothesis about the behavior and relationship of these two variables as an economy develops from a primarily rural agricultural society to an industrialized urban economy. Kuznets’ Hypothesis In the 1950s and 1960s, Simon Kuznets hypothesized that as an economy develops, market forces first increase then decrease the overall economic inequality of the society, which is illustrated by the inverted U-shape of the Kuznets curve. For instance, the hypothesis holds that in the early development of an economy, new investment opportunities increase for those who already have the capital to invest. These new investment opportunities mean that those who already hold the wealth have the opportunity to increase that wealth. Conversely, the influx of inexpensive rural labor to the cities keeps wages down for the working class thus widening the income gap and escalating economic inequality. The Kuznets curve implies that as a society industrializes, the center of the economy shifts from rural areas to the cities as rural laborers, such as farmers,  begin to migrate seeking better-paying jobs. This migration, however, results in a large rural-urban income gap and rural populations decrease as urban populations increase. But according to Kuznets’ hypothesis, that same economic inequality is expected to decrease when a certain level of average income is reached and the processes associated with industrialization, such as democratization and the development of a welfare state, take hold. It is at this point in economic development that society is meant to benefit from trickle-down effect and an increase in per-capita income that effectively decreases economic inequality.   Graph The inverted U-shape of Kuznets curve illustrates the basic elements of the Kuznets’ hypothesis with income per capita graphed on the horizontal x-axis and economic inequality on the vertical y-axis. The graph shows income inequality following the curve, first increasing before decreasing after hitting a peak as per-capita income increases over the course of economic development. Criticism Kuznets’ curve has not survived without its share of critics. In fact, Kuznets himself emphasized the â€Å"fragility of [his] data† among other caveats in his paper. The primary argument of critics of Kuznets’ hypothesis and its resulting graphical representation is based on the countries used in Kuznets’ data set. Critics say that the Kuznets curve does not reflect an average progression of economic development for an individual country, but rather it is a representation of historical differences in economic development and inequality between countries in the dataset. The middle-income countries used in the data set are used as evidence for this claim as Kuznets primarily used countries in Latin America, which have had histories of high levels of economic inequality as compared to their counterparts in terms of similar economic development. The critics hold that when controlling for this variable, the inverted U-shape of the Kuznets curve begins to dimin ish. Other criticisms have come to light over time as more economists have developed hypotheses with more dimensions and more countries had undergone rapid economic growth that did not necessarily follow Kuznets’ hypothesized pattern. Today, the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC)- a variation on the Kuznets curve- has become standard in environmental policy and technical literature.

In-house Photography and Outsourced Photography Essay

In-house Photography and Outsourced Photography - Essay Example They presented the key factors as - Management, Strategy, Technology, Economics and Quality. To add more to these decision points the author presents the arguments by Lankford and Parsa (1999. pp310-312) who insisted that an organization should consider economies of scale, inability to manage the function in-house, strategic realignment, need for focus on core business, short & long term financial advantages, and impact on company's competitiveness when deciding for outsourcing. Roy and Aubert (2002. pp32-33) presented a strong statement on outsourcing decision stating that "outsourcing would be appropriate for activities requiring non-strategic resources while activities linked to key competencies should be jealously kept in-house". They argued that the business critical processes, information & intellectual properties of the organizations should be kept out of the outsourcing framework and the organization should consider outsourcing only those work that does not comprise of the ke y competencies of their business model and do not invite any legal trouble for the organization if there are breaches by the outsourcing vendor. They presented the following model of outsourcing decisions: As presented in the figure, the authors argue that outsourcing should be carried out only for those aspects of the business that possess strategically low value and possess lesser presence of strategic resources. Based on the arguments and empirical generalizations by these scholars, the author presents the following decision criteria for Kudler Fine Foods for outsourcing photography: (a) It should not be part of the internal business competency of the organization. (b) It should not comprise of high strategic value or high value strategic resources. (c) There shouldn't be any legal issues. (d) It should make economic sense for the organization. (e) The technology is too complex & expensive to be handled in-house (f) The function is too complex to be handled in-house The author presents an analysis of photography outsourcing versus in-house for Kudler Fine Foods in the subsequent sections. Pros and cons of outsourcing the photography to a professional photographer or creating the infrastructure to take the photographs in-house Before we argue on whether photography should be outsourced by Kudler Fine Foods, it is important to judge whether this is critical for the business. The primary objective of photography in the business of Kudler Fine Foods is to advertise the images of actual organic products of the store on the Internet and in the Print media. It appears that the actual purpose of Kathy Kudler is to enhance the competitive advantages of the store. Hence, the photography may require lot of internal understanding of the business & products and may demand innovations & ideas from the internal employees who have worked hard to bring the stores to this level of success. It may be wiser to develop the

Domestic violence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Domestic violence - Essay Example 464; Black et al., 2008). Specifically the term ‘domestic violence’ can either refer to men and women as victims of abuse (Ahmed, 2009, p. 1). However, the rate of abuse inflicted on women and children is much higher as compared to men (Humphreys and Stanley, 2006, p. 13). In the UK, 62% and 38% of domestic abuse victims are female and male respectively (Office for National Statistics, 2014). Specifically the Women’s Aid (2014) reported that at least one (1) incident of domestic violence occurs in this country each minute and that at least two (2) women are killed by their former or current male partner each week. Published on the official website of gov.uk, the Office for National Statistics (ONS) reported that roughly 1.2 million women were victims of domestic abuse and that more than 330,000 women throughout the United Kingdom were sexually assaulted from 2012 to 2013 (gov.uk, 2014). For so many reasons, domestic violence, up to the present time, can still be a ‘hidden crime’ mainly because the victims are ashamed of being abused by their current or former partner (Rose, 2013, pp. 12–13; Womens Aid, 2008). To gain better understanding of the gender differences in domestic violence, this study will purposely analyse and discuss the existence of unequal power distribution between men and women, the main causes of sexual inequality, oppression and gender or racial discrimination. Eventually, strategies that can help The traumatic experiences the victims get from domestic violence can lead to long-term stress, physical injuries, adverse mental and psychological changes and emotional burden such as anxiety and depression (Pearson et al., 2007, p. 38). In line with this, the UK government allocated a total of  £40 million to financially support the funding of ‘local support services’ and ‘national help lines’ for abuse victims up to the end of 2015. However, the Living Without Abuse (2014) has recently reported that the actual costs of

Business Ethics Tyco International Essay Example for Free

Business Ethics Tyco International Essay Description of Organization and Product Tyco International Ltd. is a corporation with official headquarters based in Pembroke, Bermuda but the company maintains operational headquarters in Princeton, New Jersey. Tyco has grown into a multi-billion dollar company (scattered in over 100 countries) with revenue of $41.0 billion USD (2006) to boast. Founded in 1960 by Arthur J. Rosenberg, Tyco was birthed when Rosenberg opened a laboratory intended for research and experimental works catered for government use. Incorporated by 1962 as Tyco Laboratories, it shifted its focus to developing scientific materials as well as energy conversion products, which now caters for the commercial sector. Tyco is a manufacturing and service conglomerate which is involved in a variety of products ranging from electronics, fire and security services, healthcare, aerospace, and some industrial products. For instance, its passive and active electronic components are found in computers, aerospace, automobiles, industrial machines, and household appliances among others. Under its fire protection and electronic security operations, it is responsible for designing, manufacturing, and installing products as well as providing services in these areas. Part of Tyco’s Healthcare business involves medical, pharmaceutical, surgical, imaging, and respiratory products. The company also manufactures industrial valves, and fire sprinklers thereby giving services in residential and industrial settings (â€Å"Tyco: Our Business†). It also provides services consultation on engineering and construction management, including operating services. Through one of its subsidies, the company also has an integrated system used for the tracking and controlling public transportation system, tunnels, and bridges. Furthermore, Tyco is involved in the monitoring of systems of burglar fire alarms, and on medical alert systems where 24-hour monitoring and response is necessary. Tyco is also engaged in buying steel and resin in the United States, as well as copper, gold, zinc, brass, paper, ink, cotton, wax, chemicals and additives. Other products purchased by the group are foil, copper clad materials, adhesives, and cloth. As of 2005, Tyco is responsible for employing about 247,900 people in its company (â€Å"Company Research: Tyco International Ltd.†). Tyco’s phenomenal growth can be traced back in the late 1980s when the company engaged in a number of acquisitions in some major companies such as ADT, Siemens Electrochemical Components, Thorn Security, and Mueller Company. But it was not until the 1990s and the subsequent years that Tyco became more aggressive in its acquisition strategy under Dennis Kozlowski as CEO. In a span of about eleven years (from 1991 to 2001), Tyco has reportedly acquired 1000 other companies. It was in 1997 that Tyco made the controversial shift of headquarters from Massachusetts to Bermuda, after the company’s acquisition of ADT.   ADT Limited has its origins which can be traced way back in the 1900s in the United Kingdom and by 1980s was restructured under the laws of Bermuda. Although part of the merger, since ADT was incorporated in Bermuda, it was still perceived as a shrewd move to avoid taxes. Shareholder and investors were later informed of this tax advantage. A partial list of Tyco’s products and its brands: AMP for its electronic components and cables RAYCHEM for circuit protection devices Ansul, Total Weather, Skum Sabo for fire fighting products Kendall, Monoject, Shiley for medical supplies Simplex Grinnell, Wormald for fire sprinklers OpenSky and EDACS for critical communications systems Violation / People Involved   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the 1990s, the company continued to show a stable and steady rise in income. But by 1999, rumors of accounting irregularities began to leak with charges directed against Tyco’s top executives: Dennis Kozlowski (former chairman and chief executive), Mark H. Swartz (former chief financial officer), and Mark Belnick (former general counsel). These accusations were vehemently denied by the company’s leadership.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It was not until January of 2002 that prosecutors found Kozlowski guilty of tax evasion for his art purchases. Investigators later followed a trail of lavish expenditures, thereby making Kozlowski’s tax evasion scheme a mere ‘tip of the iceberg’.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Eight months later, these three men were arrested and tried before the New York State Supreme Court. Kozlowski and Swartz were charged of robbing the company of about $600 million with the aid of Belnick. They were found guilty of treating Tyco as a personal bank account, stealing worth of $170 million through company loans and $430 million worth of fraudulent sales of securities without the company’s shareholders knowledge (â€Å"Three Tyco Execs Indicted for Fraud†). Kozlowski was found guilty of masterminding a series of ethical violations, by misusing corporate funds for relocation and executive loan programs. Since 1996 up to 2002, these two men awarded themselves hundreds of millions of dollars with low or no-interest loans usually from Tyco’s Key Employee Corporate Loan Program (KELP). The company explicitly defined the purpose of the program. Tyco’s KELP was designed to provide loan assistance for Tyco key employees to pay their taxes when investing upon Tyco’s common stock. Of the $270 million that Kozlowski took through KELP loans (from 1997 to 2002), about $29,000,000 only were used for taxes because of the result of the vesting of Tyco stock. The rest of the money were improperly used for self-serving interests such as acquiring luxury apartments and estates, expensive artworks, estate jewelry, a yacht, and spending about $100 million for a lavish party for his second wife. Also, Kozlowski is now notoriously known for owning a gold-laced shower curtain worth $6,000 a picture for his lavish lifestyle. He also used KELP funds to finance his own personal investments and other business ventures, deliberately violating the program’s purpose. Swartz also misappropriated about $85,000,000 dollars from the company’s KELP loans during these same periods. Following from Kozlowski’s example, he too appropriated only about $13,000,000 dollars to cover taxes as a result from the vesting of Tyco stock. Swartz misappropriated the remaining $72,000,000 dollars for self-serving purposes such as financing his own business investments, and the purchasing of real estate holdings and trusts. Kozlowski and Swartz were also guilty of deceitful acts by deliberately failing to disclose in their annual Director Officer Questionnaire (â€Å"DO Questionnaire†), which are given to Tyco’s senior executives, the information of these loans much less the manner of which how these KELP loans were used. Tyco’s shareholders were deceived by Kozlowski and Swartz’s failure to reveal these important facts on the company’s Form 10-K and proxy statements. The company also has a relocation loan program since 1995, to give assistance to its employees who were affected when it moved its offices to New York City from New Hampshire and later to Florida. Kozlowski and Swartz also enriched themselves by availing of relocation loans and spending it for purposes not covered by the program. Of the $46,000,000 dollars which Kozlowski amassed from the relocation loan, $18,000,000 was spent to buy a waterfront compound in Boca Raton and an estimated $7,000,000 Park Avenue apartment for his previous wife. Swartz spent $6,500,000 to purchase an apartment on New York City’s Upper East Side; $17 M for a waterfront compound also in Boca Raton; and the rest of the funds were used in purposes not authorized by the program. They were also accountable for repeatedly classifying and reclassifying their debts to the company, and even moving on to authorizing transactions by which their millions of dollars of KELP and relocation loans were forgiven and written off the company’s books. They also instructed others to falsify the company’s books and records in order to conceal these violations. Swartz also enriched himself by selling his New Hampshire real estate to a Tyco subsidiary for $305,000, but in which the Tyco subsidiary sold it at a far lower price about two years later from its purchase. Swartz purposely did not disclose this transaction from Tyco’s investors. Both Kozlowski and Swartz abused company perquisites from Tyco such as causing the company to purchase luxurious apartments and stay in it rent-free and made use of Tyco corporate aircraft in purposes unrelated to the company’s business. The former CEO also misused Tyco’s funds by releasing large amounts of charitable donations in his own name, and all the while failed to disclose and report these facts to investors, as mandated by the federal securities laws. While possessing material information, Swartz engaged in fraudulent sales of Tyco stocks through family business partnerships. Both men lied to Tyco’s auditors by signing management representation letters which avowed the absence of fraudulent acts from significant employees involved in Tyco’s internal control. Belnick, Tyco’s former chief legal officer, amassed millions of dollars from Tyco through similar violations committed by Kozlowski and Swartz (T Newkirk, J Coffman, R Kaplan, D Frohlich, and J Weiner. U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission). Explanation of the Outcome   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The two former top Tyco executives received 8 1/3 to 25 years of prison-sentence after being tried before a New York state court, after it’s first resulted in a mistrial. They were found guilty of siphoning and misappropriating company funds during their stint as Tyco’s top executives. This was considered as one of the biggest ethical violations in a series of white-collar crimes that has tainted and eroded public confidence in the US corporate landscape. As a result, Kozlowski and Swartz served their terms in New York state prison, a case which differs greatly from other convicted corporate executives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Other convicted corporate executives such as Adelphia’s John Rigas, or Martha Stewart served their prison sentences in a federal prison. Often dubbed as â€Å"Club Feds† or â€Å"Camp Cupcake†, federal prison conditions could appear like a ‘boarding school’ - there are no bars and some are even offering facilities like tennis courts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In stark contrast, state prison do not offer such ‘luxuries’ and the gravest issue could boil down even to the inmate’s safety. It usually houses criminals convicted of rape, murder and other violent offenses - one reason which explains its unsafe condition and which makes tight security a necessity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While others may see this conviction too harsh for a white-collar crime, Kozlowski and Swartz cannot escape their fate since their case began as a state investigation for trying to evade about $1,000,000 dollars worth of tax payment for acquiring expensive artworks by Renoir, Monet and other celebrated painters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Also, this has come upon the government’s stand of placing stricter measures on its effort of cracking down corruption in the corporate scene (K. Crawford. â€Å"For Kozlowski, An Especially Grim Future†).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to a former SEC prosecutor, the sentences for white-collar criminals are getting tougher and judges’ former tendency to give them milder treatment is fast disappearing. While Kozlowski is credited for building up Tyco’s multi-billion dollar industrial empire, which used to give an impressive and illustrious career rising from being an ordinary employee to become Tyco’s chief executive officer, his crime is also credited as the grandest (so far) in scale and amount of thievery in corporate history.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While some would protest about the usefulness of long prison sentences given to white-collar criminals, especially when they are towards the age of retirement. However, there is an inescapable trend among state and federal courts to give longer years of prison-conviction. Whereas in the early 1990s, when such crimes were new and few, a certain convicted salesman received eight years reduction in his 10-year term, an equivalent of 22 months in jail (L. Lazaroff. â€Å"Ex-Tyco Executives Get Up To 25 Years: Kozlowski, Swartz also to pay millions in restitution, fines†). Kozlowski is serving his prison sentence at Midstate Correctional Facility in Marcy, N.Y., located outside of Syracuse of N.Y.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Clearly, there has been a great shift of change. Opinion of the Outcome   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the aftermath of the Enron, Adelphia, Tyco and other high profile business scandals which prove that ethical violations can pose a serious and costly risk for a business entity’s ability to grow or thrive. As demonstrated by Kozlowski, Swartz and Belnick - the collapse of integrity could cost hundreds of millions or even billions of dollars for its company to cover extra expenses such as litigation, fines, damage of company reputation, subsequent loss of client’s trust, decline in sales, and the process for damage-control.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While this indictment against Kozlowski and his accomplices seem severe when it received as much punishment as those who commit violent crimes, but given the substantial amount stolen, the consequent loss of wealth due to erosion of public trust, and costly lawsuits the benefits of giving such harsh convictions would serve as a deterrent for future losses. It is also the government’s responsibility to restore confidence among investors towards corporate entities in order for these institutions to survive.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Kozlowski’s shot for â€Å"dizzying success† (even using fraudulent and criminal means) was fed in part by Wall Street’s hero worship of ‘rock star’ CEOs. However, in light of a string of corporate scandals, leaders must be emulated for their ability to ‘shepherd’ their company and provide examples of living up to ethical standards themselves.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This outcome also brings the much needed transformation on government (such as the Sarbeans-Oxley Act) and company policies pertaining to how business is conducted by those who serve them. While most of the focus is on the violators, the rippling effects of such crimes could threaten the financial security of millions of the company’s employees and their families.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Companies, in lieu of the scandal, have now placed greater importance of training its employees to make ethical decisions which would cultivate a corporate culture founded on trust and integrity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This case also helped to strengthen greater consciousness for the need to fight corruption in a global scale. The United Nations signed a new treaty in its bid to fight corruption worldwide. This covers not only government officials but is applied to the private sector as well (â€Å"United Nations Convention Against Corruption†). The Organization Today   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rebounding from the moral crises that swept its top executives, along with other companies, there has been greater commitment for transparency among the new management performers in Tyco and other companies. These are corporate leaders who have built a track record of excellent performance and who have been practicing high ethical standards. All efforts are geared toward rebuilding the company’s reputation, public and investor’s trust.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Edward D. Breen became Tyco’s new CEO in July 2002, he took a bold step in his sweeping reform to re-establish credibility and faith to the company, which included firing the Board of Directors that hired him.   Of the 500 employees in Tyco’s Princeton, N.J. headquarters, as much as 480 are newly hired since Breen breezed in to Tyco’s management scene.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although at first, Breen found the company in confusion, low morale among its employees, and about to face a cash shortage because of an $11 billion debt due a year after, Tyco has a good foundation due to Tyco’s acquisition of a number of stable businesses (S. Lohr. â€Å"New Strategies Changing Face of Corporate Scandal†). This separates Tyco from much of the companies who suffered the same fate from dishonest dealings by its top executives most of which filed for bankruptcy. Tyco was able to recover from the crisis.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to a public announcement made last January 13, 2006, Tyco International is divided into three business segments: Tyco Healthcare, Tyco Electronics, and Tyco Fire Security, and Tyco Engineered Products Services (TFS/TEPS). Each has operations separate from each other and possesses their own set of board of directors, executives, and financial structure. By February 6, 2007, Tyco has revenue of $41 billion and currently employing about 250,000 people in different countries.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Despite being in the process of splitting into three major companies, Tyco International Ltd. still saw an increase of net earnings of up to 43 % or a profit rise of about $793 million due to great demand especially for its electronics and security devices. Company profit taken from continuing operations is up on 37 cents per share – a performance which proved better than Wall’s Street’s forecasts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Among Tyco’s four divisions, three reported an increase in sales and better operating profits for the first quarter of this year; with its heal-care the only segment which handed in a lower yield in profit due to the company’s restructuring measures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tyco is preparing to push on its health-care and electronics divisions by the second quarter. It is gearing up for more aggressive measures as it sees a favorable global economic environment for this year, being optimistic to avail a rise of 6 to 7 percent in sales.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tyco’s shares have even achieved more than 30% over the previous year, twice than the rise of Standard Poor’s 500 index. Another measure of its success- Tyco’s stock price rose to $33.21 on the New York Stock Exchange from its $8 value just right after the scandal (â€Å"Tyco’s Net Earnings Jump 43%†). References:    â€Å"Tyco: Our Business†. http://www.tyco.com/ â€Å"Company Research: Tyco International Ltd.†. The New York Times. February 16, 2007. http://custom.marketwatch.com/custom/nyt-com/html-companyprofile.asp?MW=http://marketwatch.nytimes.com/custom/nyt-com/html-companyprofile.aspsymb=TYCsid=42806#compinfo â€Å"Three Tyco Execs Indicted for Fraud†. CNN.com/BUSINESS. http://edition.cnn.com/2002/BUSINESS/asia/09/12/us.tyco/ Newkirk T, Coffman J, Kaplan R, Frohlich D, Weiner J. S. Securities and Exchange Commission. http://www.sec.gov/litigation/complaint/complr 17722.htm Crawford, K. â€Å"For Kozlowski, An Especially Grim Future†. CNNMoney.com   Ã‚  Ã‚   http://money.cnn.com/2005/06/21/news/newsmakers/prisons_state/ Lazaroff, Leon. â€Å"Ex-Tyco Executives Get Up To 25 Years: Kozlowski, Swartz also to pay millions in restitution, fines. Chicago Tribune. September 20, 2005. â€Å"United Nations Convention Against Corruption†.   Ã‚  Ã‚   http://untreaty.un.org/English/notpubl/Corruption_E.pdf Lohr, S. â€Å"New Strategies Changing Face of Corporate Scandal†. New York Times News Service. June 4, 2005.   Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20050604/news_1b4scandals.html â€Å"Tyco’s Net Earnings Jump 43%†. February 6, 2007.   Ã‚  Ã‚   http://money.cnn.com/2007/02/06/news/companies/bc.tyco.results.reut/index.htm